Chapter 2: Articles, Nouns, Pronouns
The indefinite article
There is no indefinite article 'a' or 'an' in Caledonic, thus there is no difference between 'book' and 'a book'. Also, english has substitiute articles for use with plurals and uncountables such as 'some' and 'any', and these have no equivalent in Caledonic either. Examples:
Benno mi levrai adith
[ben-no mee lev-ruh uh-'dith]
I bought some books today
Es baran uin gennig adith?
[ess ba-run winn genn-igg uh-'dith]
Have you got any white bread today?
Ná vel Andru eth lenni levrai i blineth
[nah vell an-droo th'lenny lev-ruh ee blinn-uth]
Andrew hasn't read any books for years
The definite article
The definite article 'the' in Pictish is ar, or ’r when following words that end in a vowel. The article, as in English, is the same whether it refers to singular or plural nouns. The gender (masculine or feminine) of the noun also does not affect the definite article.
Mutations and the definite article
The definite has different effects on the following noun depending upon gender. Masculine nouns do not change after the definite article, whether singular or plural. Feminine singular nouns undergo mutation following the definite article, although plural nouns are unaffected.
kí (m) |
dog |
ar kí |
the dog |
kín |
dogs |
ar kín |
the dogs |
kath (f) |
cat |
ar gath |
the cat |
kathai |
cats |
ar kathai |
the cats |
trath (m) |
beach |
ar trath |
the beach |
trathai |
beaches |
ar trathai |
the beaches |
luvan (f) |
owl |
ar luvan |
the owl |
luvaneth |
owls |
ar luvaneth |
the owls |
dín (m) |
man |
ar dín |
the man |
dein |
men |
ar dein |
the men |
benin (f) |
woman |
ar venin |
the woman |
beninai |
women |
ar beninai |
the women |
brívradar (m) |
dictionary |
ar brívradar |
the dictionary |
brívradrai |
dictionaries |
ar brívradrai |
the dictionaries |
blídhan (f) |
year |
ar vlídhan |
the year |
blineth |
years |
ar blineth |
the years |
Nouns
Nouns are words for things, places, people etc. Personal nouns and foreign place names do not tend to undergo mutation, although foreign places which have a name in Pictish do undergo mutation when required.
Genitive relationship
Pictish is like other Celtic languages in that it has a special way of expressing possession. The noun doing the possessing is always last in the phrase and takes the article, if appopriate:
Tíg ar medig
[teeg er medd-igg]
The doctor's house
If the possessing noun is indefinite there is no article:
Kennar ker
[kenn-er doon]
The middle of a city
Noun gender
As mentioned above, nouns in Pictish can be masculine or feminine. Although the gender of many words can be surmised from their natural gender, e.g. dín/ar dín 'the man', benin/ar venin 'the woman', or from some characteristic of the word, most words cannot be classified in this way and the gender must be learned aling with the noun.
Noun number
As has been seen above, there are many different plural forms of nouns. One of the most common plural noun endings is -ai, and -eth is also quite common, but there are many others and they must be learned along with the noun.
Pronouns
Pronouns are words that stand in the place of nouns, such as I, she, them, who?, this one etc. There are several categories of pronoun:
- personal pronouns: I, you, he, she etc
- reflexive pronouns: myself, himself etc
- demonstartive pronouns: this (one), these (ones) etc
- interrogative pronouns: who?, what?, whose? etc
- miscellaneous
Personal pronouns
Caledonic personal pronouns have many differences from the English ones:
- There is no distinction between subject pronouns, I, he, she, we, they, and object pronouns, me, him, her, us, them, e.g. Pictish uses ho to mean they or them depending on the context.
- There is no word for it as the appropriate masculine or feminine pronoun is used depending on the gender of the noun being referred to.
- In common with many languages (but not English), there is a difference between a singular you (ti) and plural you (gi) and, like in french, the plural form is used as a formal or polite singular.
- The personal pronouns have extended forms used in a contrastive or emphatic sense.
The full list of personal pronouns is:
|
Singular |
|
Plural |
|
1st |
mi |
I, me |
ni |
we, us |
2nd |
ti |
you |
gi |
you |
3rd |
he
hi |
he, him
she, her |
ho |
they |
The pronouns for inanimate objects ('it') are also he and hi depending upon the gender of the noun.
Contrastive personal pronouns
These are extended personal pronouns that are used in certain circumstances as described below:
|
Singular |
Plural |
1st |
misi |
nisi |
2nd |
tisi |
gisi |
3rd (m)
3rd (f) |
essi
issi |
hosi |
Examples:
- Gul tisi.
[goll tee-see]
You go.
- Ai pui cantoth hi? Cantoth hi ai essi.
[Ah pwee kant-oth ee. Kant-oth ee ah yess-ee.]
Whom did she speak to? She spoke to him.
Reflexive pronouns
These refer back to the subject as in myself, yourself, himself etc.
|
Singular |
Plural |
1st |
mi-hein |
ni-hein |
2nd |
ti-hein |
gi-hein |
3rd (m)
3rd (f) |
é-hein
í-hein |
ó-hein |
Examples:
- Bidha mi'n gaith nán mi-hein.
[bi-thuh meen ga-ith naan mee-hayn.]
I'll go there myself.
-
Bidhan ho'n denni enam or ó-hein.
[bi-thun hone denn-ee enn-um orr oh-hayn]
They will make a name for themselves.
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